By MSK
As the region’s biggest country, India is now engaged in using its size, population and geo-strategic location to assert its regional power and global player status. Nuke tests in May 1998, under the BJP rule was designed to achieve this goal. The very first goal identified in BJP’s 1998 election manifesto was to give India a role and position in world’s affairs commensurate with its size and capability. In South Asia its hegemonic role was put into effect over with the help of the significant covert role played by India’s intelligence network. It began with India’s military occupation of J&K in Aug 1947; Junagadh in Nov 1947: Hyderabad in Sept 1948: annexation of Goa in 1961 and Sikkim in 1975; military intervention in East Pakistan in 1971; military involvement in Sri Lanka in 1987; military intervention as help to the Maldives government in 1988 in the backdrop of the controversial abortive coup in Maldives by Tamils of Indian origin; and the Maoist uprising in Nepal in 2000; India offered military help to the Nepalese government for controlling the Maoists, however, this in turn has been followed up by reports that the Maoist uprising actually had covert Indian backing.
Regarding Indian intrigues, Barbara Crossett, an American journalist and a South Asian analyst, writes, ‘Politically every one of India’s smaller neighbours has been the victim of Kautilyan intrigue…Indian policymaking on Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and to some extent Maldives and Pakistan was a game for intelligence agents, schemers in the Ministry of External Affairs, and viceregal diplomats in imperial cloaks.’ Indian intelligence agencies have been an important covert instrument in furthering Indian foreign policy goals abroad. In the words of India’s first Director of RAW. ‘A foreign intelligence agency is the eyes and ears of the government. Its activities are the direct result of the policies of the government, without which any government would be left in a state of limbo.’
Historical study shows that States, especially big powers, have always used intelligence agencies for achieving their foreign policy goals. For South Asian countries the cause of concern is India’s hegemonic policies and not actions taken relating to its security and survival. Since its independence in 1947, modern day Indian has made efforts to destabilize all its smaller neighbours using the cover of ‘non-alignment.’ Pakistan, in particular, has been at receiving end since its very inception.
Retired Indian ambassador L.N. Rangarajan, in his book Kautilya: The Arthashastra, says that Kautilya emphasized the role of a network of secret agents ‘because they were necessary for ensuring the security of the kingdom and for furthering the objective of expansion by conquest…The general term used in the text for all clandestine agents, both men and women, is guda (concealed).There were two basic group of agents -those who stayed in one place and those sent wherever they were required. The word samatha (established) is used to denote agents settled in one place; these established agents were used to collect, collate, and transmit in code the information received from other agents. Both the agents in one place and the roving agents could pursue ‘cover’ operations. Both groups were permanent state employees on fixed salaries.’
In Arthashastra, for dealing with an adversarial neighbour Kautilya advocated that the King should depend mainly on spies and wage a ‘battle of intrigues’ (mantra yuddha) and ‘secret war’ (kuta yuddha). Indian analyst on intelligence, Asoka Raina states, ‘the spies; in order to achieve their objectives, were to practice all kinds of fraud, artifice incendiarism and robbery. Their objective was to demoralize the enemy’s troops by circulating false news, and seduce the allegiance of his ministers and commanders. The underlying idea seems to have been to keep the strong neighbours so preoccupied with domestic troubles thus making it impossible for him to launch a foreign expedition.
Arthashastra further details the organizational structure of intelligence system based spies in two broad categories – internal and external. Spies in the first category dealt with internal political situation to help strengthen the political base of the government. Spies in the second category were active in other countries. External spies were further divided into three categories – political, diplomatic and military.
History The first intelligence service in India was the Intelligence Bureau (IB) established in 1947 under the Ministry of Home Affairs and the external (foreign). It was after two years, in 1949, that Sanjiv Pillai, the Intelligence Bureau’s first Director, organized the IB on the lines of British Intelligence (MI-6) and also established a separate small foreign intelligence set up. He negotiated with the Ministry of External Affairs to create a post of a rank of first Secretary in the Indian missions to Pakistan, Germany and France.’ Later on China, Burma (now Myanmar), Sri Lanka and the Middle East region were also added to its sphere of activity. This foreign intelligence unit of the Indian Intelligence Bureau later became the separate and autonomous foreign intelligence agency named as RAW. Sanjiv Pillai, who initiated the establishment of the foreign unit, is therefore regarded as the ‘architect’ of RAW. Since 1949, RAW has grown in size, its role has been strengthened and it has developed as an important covert instrument of projecting national power.
Initially working as a part of the Intelligence Bureau of India, RAW was established as an autonomous foreign intelligence agency in September 1968. After the failure of the IB’s foreign intelligence unit, during the 1962 Sino-India war and 1965 India-Pak war, the Indian planners began giving serious thought to a separate foreign intelligence agency. The Indian defeat in 1962 led to a controversy between India’s IB and the MI regarding the responsibility of the failure of intelligence. As observed by B.N. Mullik, former Director of the Intelligence Bureau, in his book My Years with Nehru: The Chinese Betrayal, a process of rethinking on external intelligence began in India and various proposals were considered for the establishment of a new security-related agency. At the same time, measures were initially adopted to improve the operational efficiency of IB. After the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 when Mrs. Gandhi came to power in 1966, there was a serious rethinking regarding external intelligence.
In 1967, Indian Chief of Army Staff, General Chaudry, Defence Minister, Y. B. Chavan, proposed the formation of a foreign intelligence agency. As a result an External Intelligence Organization (EIO) was established as a separate unit under the Cabinet secretariat responsible for external intelligence, including military intelligence. However, within two years EIO was replaced by the RAW. The RAW of the IB was made an independent organization on 21 September 1968, with Rameshwar Nath Kao as its first Director, who played a very crucial role in developing RAW’s organizational structure for projecting and safeguarding national interests of India. RAW headquarters is located on Lodhi Road in New Delhi. The newly-structured organisation was placed directly under the then Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi, and has remained with the Prime Minister Office ever since. Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi and her Principal Private Secretary P.N. Haskar, were the two main persons who supported the idea of establishing an independent foreign intelligence agency.
RAW began its working with 250 agents and an estimated budget of Rs. 2 crores. After fifteen years, in 1985 it had 8000 agents on its payroll and its annual budget has increased to Rs. 30 crores. Its annual budget in 2002 was estimated at US$ 150 million. The Director of RAW holds the rank of Secretary and works directly under the Prime Minister.
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{ 19 comments… read them below or add one }
I thought RAW was not working properl. But thanks Pakistani bloggers. I am proud of RAW. Jai Hind
@ Indian Hindu…I wonder how the Indians define “proper Work”.
Fully certain with the title except the elaboration “Research & Analysis” by the name and for the name sake it is o.k to keep “RAW”, otherwise only wings left.
It is obvious Hindus should be proud of their made terrorist organisation since they are supporting hindus only. And why not support hindus, bcoz Hindustan is only for Hindus. There is no place for any other religion which is obvious by the noise they used to make “JAI HIND”
Yeah Most secular country is Islamic republic of Pakistan.. even though India had muslims president its only for hindus.. Arshad open your eyes
Over the period of time, Indians have worked out ways to grab UN sec cncl seat perm.The Muslim president was a step with that in mind.(not a surprise.Yet world is not going to ignore the atrocities of India in and outside of its land.Atleast a dozen freedom movements suppressed by employin a big portion of army with in country. A big portion of population living below Humanity.
Partially burnt corpses floating in the Holy Ganges as the wood to burn the whole body cant be afforded and many other similar probs….Still you people are proud of having a Muslim Presdnt and a “PROPER WORKIN” terror agency to harm others sucking Millions of Dollars from Wood Short, money short, FASTEST GROWING INDIA.where are you ppl heading…!!
Indian Hindu! Pakistan is not secular country and we never got this country to make it secular. For your information it is, Islamic Republic of Pakistan. We are not hypocrites like India who call themselves secular while they are the most religiously biased country. All the minorities are persecuted there and there is no regard for any minorities. Just google for it and you will find the reality.
Junaid if thats the case then stop comparing Pakistan to India. Pakistani doubting India’s secularism is nothing but a big joke. It like a Mulla reading geeta. Read Koran and be happy rather than worrying about the so called minorities in India.
Indian Hindus would love others to just let them burn, rape, and kill the Indian minorities without knowing anything about, or following “geeta” !!!
Instead of accepting and addressing the issues, these RAT eating, p1$$ drinking Indian Hindus want others to stop talking about the issues!
Next thing you know he will say America is the biggest friend of the Muslims, because Obama is a Muslim president….LOL…
I smell a RAT….a real RAW RAT !!!
What Indian Hindu? We don’t want to campare Pakistan with India. There is no Match.This is India only, wantedly or unwantedly sticking his nose in Pakistan’s internal matters habitually and blaming Pakistan(ISI)for each and every things happened in India.I beleive day will come when you people will say upon every birth of child in India that this is also bcoz of ISI. rite?
“So called Minorities” like you said it, you treat them likewise.India is being trying to treat Pakistan like this only and never accepted it since the day one.
Your muslim president is kinda dummy to showoff.
Pakistan Army calls taliban as Strategic assets (SA)… What sort of an Army is this? And BTW India never invaded J & K… It was your army and Terrorists (oops.. sorry I mean extended Army- After all they are your strategic assets) that attacked Kashmir. The Maharaja called Nehru and signed a deed, only then did our army come in. By that time your SA and army were near Srinagar. We pushed you back. And BTW it was Nehru who wen to UN to call for a ceasefire…. so you got the LOC…. Get your History right… I know that they teach you the wrong history in school… but you have internet now… so use it…
Also… How does it feel being used time and again by US, China, Taliban, Saudi’s. Your problems will only stop if your nation decides that we will not be used by a foreign player…. You guys have a Long Long way to go… I hope that Pakistan doesn’t become another Afghanistan or Somalia..
Zaid Hamid is a very important Strategic asset to Pakistan.
I came upon this site accidently while surfing. The above is a well written article, factually correct (mostly) and interesting. Sad to see that even a relative literary article provokes both of us Indians & Pakistanis to unnecessary acrimony. We should comment on the literary aspects or otherwise, of the concerned article instead of mauling each other perpetually, while the Westerners, particularly the Anglo – Saxons stand by and pat each other on their respective shoulders seeing the seeds of their skulduggery, and manipulations planted decades ago, fructify so well in our present behavior towards each other, and in our continued mutual warfare, be it Isreal – Palestine, Iraq – Kuwait, South Asia, Respective North & South Korea & Vietnam, China – Taiwan, etc etc and so on all over Asia where they had ruled either directly or by their local proxies.
Before they ruled us directly and appropriated all our (Asian) wealth by the muzzle of their Guns held to our fore fathers head’s. When their position as Imperialist Colonial rulers became untenable (for numerous Financial/Political/Military reasons) they left before they were thrown out violently by their former Colonies, but as mentioned above they made sure to sow the seeds all over Asia, between their former subjects, of mutual hatered and lingering and unsolved Border alignment problems, which they deliberately drew up then in such a fashion that we would keep fighting each other perpetually over various obscure lines, and keep buying Armaments from them, so that they could keep sucking our National Wealth even when not directly ruling us.
We should wake up to this reality, and see where the REAL ENEMY is and not go for each others throats perpetually on all matters small or big, as it suits the long term objectives of the Whites to keep us at loggerheads. It even suits the selfish political interests of our present day rulers to keep their subjects divided and clawing out each others eyes, so that we cannot see the wholesale plunder of our National Treasuries by the Political leaders.
Intellegence Agencies will be Intelligence the world over, be they RAW, ISI, MI6, CIA, KGB, MOSSAD, etc. They are the tools of their Political masters and have to play theis silly little games of keeping the people divided. At a higher level of their heirachy their officers must toe the official line of their masters or be ready to face some unplesant proffessional consequences themselves, and at a lower level in the chain of command, the poor bloke just needs his monthly paycheck to keep his dependents housed & fed, much like all us ordinary mortals.
We the educated class should thrive to place the real and factual position before our respective countrymen, instead of adding to the already prevailing cacophony emanating from the Political & Bureaucratic class, and compounding the problem further for our future generations. Humanity first, rest will follow automatically…………………..
Hind is named after Sindhu river. Hindustan is of everyone who lived around Sindhu river (ie. entire sub continent. ‘Hindu’ is not a guy who belongs to some religion called hinduism..Hindu is everyone living in HIND (ie. Hindustan).
Real Hindustan= India + Pakistan. LETS TURN THE WAVE AROUND…BREAK THE WALLS AND LETS UNITE AGAIN TO BE THE MOST POWERFUL FORCE IN THE WORLD!!
Really India and Pakistan should re-unite and become the strongest force in the world as both India and Pakistan are in essence used by western countries for their their gains. The fact of the matter is that when India and Pakistan fight the western companies who make ammunitions and weapon are the ones who benefit and thereby contribute to western economies at our expense
How can we forgot 1947,masscare of hundred thousands muslims, most of the girls & women kidnapped & their family members killed in front of their eyes,still remaining members of those 2nd generation feel the pain,suffering & sorrow.How can we forgot 1971,again same type of situation faced but this time from our owns but behind that drama, main character was the “SAME”.What is going on in Pakistan behind all such terrorrist activities You can easily access that who is again come with new face.We can’t think for a moment about Reuniting ,we will be Happy in slavery of a Slave(you know what I mean).but India no way ,no freindship.Open Enemy is better.
Ah!! what a joke. These indians think that they want peace? its making me laugh, hahahaha. And the one thing about re-uniting. i guess these people who are thinking of re-uniting are forgetting that we are Pak people of Pakistan. And these Indians, go to this link and check out, these Indians are launching “COW URINE” as a soft drink (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/article5707554.ece)
how can we compare Pak people with them.
How funny it would be and how worst. And know a bit more here. Indian Hindus are the only one on the planet who have “Shared wife”. like two brothers married to a one women and share bed at night on shift basis? Its so ridiculous!!!
yar, just note one thing. These Kaafirs can never be friends of We’ Pak muslims. Neva forget the sacrifices of our forefathers for our freedom and achieving their goal, a safe and Pak Land; Pakistan, a land of Pak people. Hmmmm.. Live long PAKISTAN.
May ALLAH help us in safeguarding our homeland PAKISTAN.
@ Junaid Khan
Indian Hindu! Pakistan is not secular country and we never got this country to make it secular. For your information it is, Islamic Republic of Pakistan. We are not hypocrites like India who call themselves secular while they are the most religiously biased country. All the minorities are persecuted there and there is no regard for any minorities. Just google for it and you will find the reality.
But most of your pakistani fellow claims the same ?? perhaps miscommunication when they say that pakistan is loving her minority . hilarious fact is Google is a search engine
you cannot find fact only by googling you have to extract the facts ..when you will google about 1971 war you will get mixed facts but to get real facts you have to search it hard
for example
In India if you call muslims as minority then just look at the fact muslim minority in India is larger than whole population in pakistan ..after 1947 popualtion of India grown with rapid rate thanks to minorities and thanks to secular government for providing safe
environment and over equality for reproduction and when we turn back to pakistan we find that minorities in pakistan decreased at the rapid level due to rude and barbaric circumstances they’d faced in your country,
we had muslim president,muslim army officers(Very eager to nab down terrorist in kashmir),muslim private sector owner . But you people can cry over small incidents for long time ..do you know fact about gujrat ?? do you know facts about babri masjid?? no u dont cause whatever you know is what you have learned from your good for nothing biased media ..India is fast growing economy where every Indian is doing work to bring country on the top from IT to Production .Free school for minorities,Reservations in high education institutes is being given but for all that you have to come to study due to lack of knowledge of birth control muslim minority is facing problem but since 2000 after
awakening about birth control population is under control and minorities are enjoying facilities . Secularism is India’s fundamental agenda and if you whine about RSS and etc let me tell you because country have freedom of think and speech people here can have
different ideologies and extremist and nationalists are every where in the world India is not alone ..and for that you should check you collar first .India is containing more than 100 different types of believers and religion followers and clash can happen here because nobody is perfect but we have secularism in our blood every Indian intellectual believe in same ..regards for minority in lot more good than what you have in pakistan ..and that regard of yours was noticed by world in east pakistan …due to which India liberated pakistan ..when your government lied to all pakistanis about false victory and when east pakistan fell you people were nevet matched the magnitude of truth and actual fact that happened ..reason is your government is lap dog of American President since from 1947 when you started borrowing dollars in 1948 Pakistani Govt. asked for 2 bn dollars and American Govt provided 10 mn Dollars and made you slave ..you can see until now those
leaders of your nation are abusing every privilege to exploit pakistan for their masters , they dont care about local sentiments (Rise of tehrique taliban pakistan) and licking thrown bones and pissing on local public interests.But what they can do if they dont follow orders of America your army will take over the country and they will miss the chance of earning good dollars by sales of their loyalty to America..people of pakistan is
living under false perception as they lived in 1971 ..again something of unmatched magnitude will happen ..US Marines are increasing their strength in pakistan ,drone attacks against innocent public of NWFP ..do you think you are still doing allah’s work and it is india who is setting you naked for sale in market ..answer is NO !! it is your leaders it is your government and it is your media ..false and lie…
@Usman Hashmani
How can we forgot 1947,masscare of hundred thousands muslims, most of the girls & women kidnapped & their family members killed in front of their eyes,still remaining members of those 2nd generation feel the pain,suffering & sorrow.How can we forgot 1971,again same type of situation faced but this time from our owns but behind that drama, main character was the “SAME”.What is going on in Pakistan behind all such terrorrist activities You can easily access that who is again come with new face.We can’t think for a moment about Reuniting ,we will be Happy in slavery of a Slave(you know what I mean).but India no way ,no freindship.Open Enemy is better.
In 1947 same incident happened with Sikhs and Hindus they were killed raped and burned in front of their family members ..so dont whine about that ..what do you expect when you kill you get killed to ..do you expect after all the killing and rape ..sikhs and hindus from india garland muslims and send ..sentiments from both side were same ..so it not you who suffered we suffered to and hell lot more than you ..and if you belive so much muslims tell me who are mohazirs why leader of pakistani party came to India and in front of whole world he called Pakistan a failed state tell me ?? in 1971 when army started rape and killing of bengalis and hindus ..where were you ..u felt great about all that facts ..shame on you saying something about 1971 you shamed east pakistan by exploting them and abusing them so bad ..same thing is happening in POK ..have you ever tried to go to POK …India never asked for reunite who give you these Ideas ..we dont want to reunite ,we want peace and by GOD Grace we are open enemies instead of that Pakistan and India given each other notion of most favored nation (ahahaha) .. but this time US is sitting on your chest ..he was there on your chest since from 1947 but this time you can feel the diffrence ..your leaders set you up and sold themselves and became dogs ..hang them before they sale your dignity too
-No mercy No Prisoners this time (Kidding)
reunion with pak is not possible. we are two fundamentally different nations. they chose religion we chose culture. they chose army we chose democracy, they chose theocracy we chose democracy, they chose hate and fear we chose love and respect. there is no similarity now. we are as different as pond and ocean.